『模板』快速读入 & 输出模板

inline int read() {
    char ch = getchar();
    int x = 0, f = 1;
    while (ch < '0' || ch > '9') {
        if (ch == '-') f = -1;
        ch = getchar();
    }
    while ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
        x = (x << 1) + (x << 3) + ch - '0';
        ch = getchar();
    }
    return x * f;
}

用法示例：

n = read();

快速输出：

inline void write(int x) {
    if (x < 0) putchar('-'), x = -x;
    if (x > 9) write(x / 10);
    putchar(x % 10 + '0');
}

用法示例：

write(n);

超级输入优化：

inline char nc() {
    static char buf[100000], *p1 = buf, *p2 = buf;
    return p1 == p2 && (p2 = (p1 = buf) + fread(buf, 1, 100000, stdin), p1 == p2) ? EOF : *p1++;
}
inline void read(int &x) {
    int f = 1;
    x = 0;
    char s = nc();
    while (s < '0' || s > '9') {
        if (s == '-') f = -1;
        s = nc();
    }
    while (s >= '0' && s <= '9') {
        x = x * 10 + s - '0';
        s = nc();
    }
    x = x * f;
}

用法示例：

read(n);

超级输出优化：

char buf[100000], *pp = buf;
inline void pc(const char c) {
    if (pp - buf == 100000) {
        fwrite(buf, 1, 100000, stdout);
        pp = buf;
    }
    *pp++ = c;
}
inline void write(int x) {
    if (x < 0) {
        pc('-');
        x = -x;
    }
    if (x > 9) write(x / 10);
    pc(x % 10 + '0');
}
inline void fsh() {
    fwrite(buf, 1, pp - buf, stdout);
    pp = buf;
}